Female circumcision

Body Modifications (Section 5.5)

Not all modifications are voluntary. The practice of female circumcision (page 56) is not a voluntary  undertaking..

For information on female circumcision (clitoridectomy) refer to Google. Be warned some sites are disturbingly graphic.

Female circumcision presents a high risk of infection.

Male circumcision in some African tribes is undertaken voluntarily, but if nor managed well also presents significant health risks, sometimes causing permanent damage (e.g. loss of the male organ) even death (thr infection.)